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VoLTE Bearers

VoLTE Bearers

While going through Anritsu whitepaper on VoLTE, I found this picture that explains the concepts of bearers in a VoLTE call well. From the whitepaper:

All networks and mobile devices are required to utilize a common access point name (APN) for VoLTE, namely, “IMS”. Unlike many legacy networks, LTE networks employ the “always-on” conception of packet connectivity: Devices have PDN connectivity virtually from the moment they perform their initial attach to the core network. During the initial attach procedure, some devices choose to name the access point through which they prefer to connect. However, mobile devices are not permitted to name the VoLTE APN during initial attach, i.e., to utilize the IMS as their main PDN, but rather to establish a connection with the IMS AP separately. Thus, VoLTE devices must support multiple simultaneous default EPS bearers.

Note that because the VoLTE APN is universal, mobile devices will always connect through the visited PLMN’s IMS PDN-GW. This architecture also implies the non-optionality of the P-CSCF:

As stated, VoLTE sessions employ two or three DRBs. This, in turn, implies the use of one default EPS bearer plus one or two dedicated EPS bearers. The default EPS bearer is always used for SIP signaling and exactly one dedicated EPS bearer is used for voice packets (regardless of the number of active voice media streams.) XCAP signaling may be transported on its own dedicated EPS bearer – for a total of three active EPS bearers – or it may be multiplexed with the SIP signaling on the default EPS bearer, in which case only two EPS bearers are utilized.

My understanding is that initially when the UE is switched on, a default bearer with QCI 9 (see old posts on QoS/QCI here) is established that would be used for all the signalling. Later on, another default bearer with QCI 5 is established with the IMS CN. When a VoLTE call is being setup, a dedicated bearer with QCI 1 is setup for the voice call. As the article says, another dedicated bearer may be needed for XCAP signalling. If a Video call on top of VoLTE is being used than an additional dedicated bearer with QCI 2 will be setup. Note that the voice pat will still be carried by dedicated bearer with QCI 1.

Do you disagree or have more insight, please feel free to add the comment at the end of the post.

The whitepaper is embedded below and is available to download from slideshare.

Related posts:

• Voice-Over-LTE (VoLTE) Signalling
• Voice over LTE – a step towards future telephony (Ericsson Whitepaper)
• SPS and TTI Bundling Example
• On LTE Roaming ...
• LTE QCI and End-to-end bearer QoS in EPC

JANARDHAN REDDY DAUGHTER WEDDING at Bangalore spent approx. Rs. 500 crores

Gali Janardhan Reddy Daughter’s Wedding : Former Karnataka minister and mining baron Gali Janardhan Reddy created waves on the internet With fancy wedding invitation, all eyes will now be How Gali Janardhana Reddy Spending Rs 500 Cr On His Daughter’s Wedding, In Days Of Demonetisation. The wedding is a multi-crore affair. The central leadership has issued an unwritten instructions to leaders not attend the wedding while common man is finding it difficult to make ends meet. Although the party has not issued a formal order, the party has said that it would be better if kept themselves away from the big fat Indian wedding.

It is estimated that over 30,000 guests will be in attendance, with 1500 rooms in star hotels being booked to accommodate them. There will also be 2000 cabs to ferry them to the venue and back while 15 helipads have also been set-up to fly in VIP guests. The VVIP guests, will be ferried from the entrance to the mandap area on cushioned bullock carts

The Main Question Raising to Every Indian was, Gali Janardhana Reddy Spending Rs 500 Cr On His Daughter’s Wedding, In Days Of Demonetisation? In the Palace Grounds at Bengaluru now stands a recreation of the Vijayanagara empire. Fitting, since he considers himself a reincarnation of King Krishnadevaraya. Anyway, also being recreated are the famous Lotus Mahal, Vijaya Vittala temple and Mahanavami Dibba. A hundred labourers and Bollywood art directors were utilised for the effort.

A host of Bollywood and Kannada stars including Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif  and Prabhu Deva are expected to perform at the wedding, and you know how much these Bollywood stars will charge.

The much talked about Reddy wedding will be held at the historic Bangalore palace on November 16. Reddy is expecting over 50,000 guests from all over the country. As his old friends say, for him it is not just his daughter’s wedding but a first big step towards regaining the clout and stature he lost in a humiliating manner five years ago

How to Use Onion Juice for Hair Growth?

Onion is rich in sulfur. This mineral is one of the main building blocks of hair. It improves blood circulation and provides the hair follicles with sufficient nourishment. Onion also has anti-bacterial properties, so it helps with scalp infections that might contribute to hair loss. Furthermore, it contains the enzyme catalase, which is an anti-oxidant that can prevent premature graying.

Onion’s potential as a potent home remedy for hair loss has also been studied scientifically. In 2002, the Journal of Dermatology published a small study that looked into the use of onion juice for alopecia areata (an autoimmune disease that presents with patchy hair loss). 84% of participants who applied onion juice twice daily for two months experienced much better hair re-growth rates compared to those who only used tap water. Men had better success with the treatment than did women.

How to Make Onion Rinse For Hair Growth
Onion juice for hair growth
·  Peel the onions and chop them into small pieces.
·  Squeeze the juice out. To extract the juice, you can use a food processor, a blender, a grater or a juicer.
· Massage the juice into your scalp or cover the bald patches.
· Leave on for at least 15 minutes (longer if you can tolerate the smell) and then wash out using a mild shampoo.

Onion and honey mix for hair growth
·  Mix ¼ cup of onion juice with 1 tablespoon of honey (if more mixture is required, double the amounts).
·  Apply the paste onto your scalp.
·  Leave it on for at least 30 minutes.
·  You can also cover it with a shower cap and leave it overnight.
·  Rinse it off.

This is a natural treatment, so you’ll have to be a bit patient to see the results. Use it daily (or minimum three times a week) and allow at least two months for your hair to start becoming stronger and shinier.

More Tips to Treat Hair Loss

·         If you’re bothered by the strong smell of the onion, add some lemon juice or rose water to your hair rinse. Essential oils can also be used. Rosemary, lavender and peppermint all promote hair re-growth.

·         The honey and onion mixture can also be taken orally. Consume it daily, so you ingest the nutrients.

·         Try adding onion to your food recipes. This will not act as fast as the hair rinse, but will provide additional dietary support.

·         Stop using commercial shampoos and wash your hair with natural shampoos with low alcohol content once a week. Rinse with COLD water when finished, to close the fibers in the hair.

Ever felt as though your brush has more hair than your scalp does? It can be disheartening to deal with hair loss, and see your tresses thinning over time. There might be a gazillion products out there that promise to restore your locks to their former glory, but do they really live up to their claims?

If you are seeking a surefire way to achieve hair growth, there is one ingredient that has lain unconsidered and overlooked – the humble onion. Inexpensive and readily available, onions can be the end to all of your hair woes.

How To Use Onion For Hair Growth?

Here are five amazing ways of using onions for hair growth:

1.       Onion Juice Scalp-Soaking Solution

2.      Onion Juice After-Wash Solution

3.      Onion Juice And Coconut Oil Pack

4.      Onion and Rum Potion

5.      Onion Juice And Honey Hair Mask

Caution: Those who are allergic to onions, even its topical application can bring about a reaction. Also, certain medications such as aspirin can increase sensitivity to onions. A patch test is necessary before using onion for hair treatment.

1. Onion Juice Scalp-Soaking Solution

What You Need

·         1 large onion

·         Grater/ Blender/ Juicer

·         Strainer

How To Use

1.       Wash the onion thoroughly and peel off the outer layers.

2.      Chop the onion into smaller pieces and toss into a blender. If you are using a grater, use the finest side to grate the. Using a juicer is the easiest way for preparing onion juice at home.onion

3.      Place the pulp in a strainer and squeeze out as much juice as possible.

4.      Massage the juice into your hair, concentrating on the roots and the scalp.

5.      Keep it on for 30-45 minutes and wash with shampoo.

When To Use

This treatment should be used once or twice a week.

2. Onion Juice After-Wash Solution

What You Need

·         1 Tablespoon Onion Juice

·         1 Liter Warm Water

How To Use

1.       Add the onion juice to the warm water.

2.      Use the mixture as the final rinse after you shampoo.

When To Use

This hair rinse can be used every alternative day.
Caution: The odor of onion will be retained in your hair until the next time it is shampooed.

3. Onion Juice And Coconut Oil Pack

What You Need

·         1 tablespoon onion juice

·         2 tablespoons coconut oil

·         A few drops of an essential oil of your choice (optional)

How To Use

1.       Mix the onion juice with the coconut oil.

2.      Add the essential oil to the concoction. This step is optional, but essential oils help mask the strong odor of the onion.

3.      Massage the mixture into the scalp and keep for 1 to 2 hours.

4.      Rinse the pack off using shampoo and warm water.

When To Use

This mask should not be used more than once a week.

4. Onion and Rum Potion

What You Need

·         1 small onion

·         60 ml rum

How To Use

1.       Chop the onion into small pieces.

2.      Place the chopped onions and the rum in a glass jar, and let it sit overnight.

3.      Strain the mixture and apply it to your scalp.

4.      Rinse with shampoo and warm water.

When To Use

This treatment should be used once a week.

Caution: The rum can dry out your hair. Therefore, don’t apply this potion more than once a week.

5. Onion Juice And Honey Hair Mask

Onion honey mixture is the best way you can have raw onion orally. You need to take 2 tablespoons of raw onion juice and add a tablespoon of honey to it. You can either intake the juice directly, or can apply the mixture to the scalp as well.

What You Need

·         2 tablespoons onion juice

·         1 tablespoon honey

How To Use

1.       Mix the onion juice with the honey.

2.      Apply to hair and keep it on for 15 minutes.

3.      Shampoo thoroughly to get rid of all traces of the pack.

How Often Should You Use

This pack should be used once a week.

Hair Transplant is another strategy for hair loss cure. 

Onion (Allium cepa) recognized with healing qualities include their antibacterial, cleansing, stimulating, and nourishing powers. Onions contain a number of important minerals and vitamins, such as vitamins C and B6, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and germanium. Onion also has high sulphur content. Sulphur is a mineral present in every cell in our body, with its greatest concentration in hair, skin and nails. It has often been called the “beauty mineral” and the “healing mineral” because of its ability to promote circulation and decrease inflammation. These qualities also lend to the theory that adequate amounts of sulphur can jump-start hair growth in people with deficiencies. High amounts of sulphur in onions make them particularly effective in regenerating hair follicles and stimulating hair regrowth. In addition, naturally-concentrated sulphur compounds have been proven to show additional hair-restoring.

Onion can be used as alternatives of herbal hair loss remedy. Allium cepa is usually thought of as a vegetable, It is also has a long history of medicinal use. Mainly the fleshy bulb that grows below the ground is used medicinally as well as for food but a place in the traditional medicines. Allium cepa is the common onion. Although it is usually thought of as a vegetable, A. cepa also has a long history of medicinal use. Onions are perennials that are cultivated for food worldwide. There are many varieties. Most onion bulbs are white, yellow, or red. The green stems and leaves are hollow and can reach 3 ft (1 m) in height. The plants bear small flowers that are usually white or purple. The fleshy bulb that grows below the ground is used medicinally as well as for food. Onion is believed to have a positive effect on the circulatory system. Onion is a popular folk remedy for hair loss. It is a tried and tested product, having been used for centuries not only for its potent hair strengthening properties, but also for other medicinal purposes. In fact, physicians in the middle ages prescribed onions to counteract snake bites, earaches, headaches, and hair loss. Onion (Allium cepa) recognised with healing qualities include their antibacterial, cleansing, stimulating, and nourishing powers. Onions contain a number of important minerals and vitamins, such as vitamins C and B6, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and germanium. Onion also has high also has other parts of the plant sulphur content.

Sulphur is a mineral present in every cell in our body, with its greatest concentration in hair, skin and nails. It has often been called the “beauty mineral” and the “healing mineral” because of its ability to promote circulation and decrease inflammation. These qualities also lend to the theory that adequate amounts of sulphur can jump-start hair growth in people with deficiencies. High amounts of sulphur in onions make them particularly effective in regenerating hair follicles and stimulating hair regrowth. In addition, naturally-concentrated sulphur compounds have been proven to show additional hair-restoring. To spot sulphur deficiency, watch out for dry skin, weak nails, and brittle hair. Other signs may include allergies, unusual fatigue, headaches, diabetes, and sore muscles and joints. If we do not maintain a proper diet, then chances are our body is not getting enough sulphur that it needs. As a matter of fact, scientists believe that chemical pesticides and fertilizers exhaust the soil of sulphur content of plants being grown in that soil. Moreover, processed foods have been found to contain smaller amounts of sulphur and this affects the sulphur because the mineral has been destroyed in the process. Sulphur-rich foods and taking supplements. sulphur cannot be manufactured by the human body, so it must be gotten through other ways, such as eating

NO MORE USEFUL INDIAN RUPEES 500 - 1000 RS 

SanDisk Cruzer Blade SDCZ50-016G-135 16GB USB 2.0 Pen Drive